Appendix D: Glossary

A type of bacterium that can live in the stomach and damage its protective lining. H. pylori infection is a common cause of peptic ulcers and may increase the risk of stomach cancer in some individuals.

An adjective that refers to body fat. Such as adipose cells or adipose tissue.

The actual body tissue made up of fat cells.  (Used as a noun.)

Require oxygen.

Being both hydrophilic and hydrophobic--tit attracts both fats and water

Do not require oxygen.

A group of antioxidants pigments found in red, purple, and blue fruits and vegetables that belong to the flavonoid family,

A naturally occurring plant pigment (phytochemical) that gives many fruits, vegetables, and flowers their red, purple, and blue colors and also acts as an antioxidant.

Medications that kill bacteria or stop them from growing. They are used to treat bacterial infections but do not work against viruses, such as those that cause colds or the flu.

The desire to eat

An underground layer of rock, sand, or gravel that stores and allows groundwater to flow. Aquifers provide water for wells, springs, and many public drinking water supplies.

The smallest unit of all living cells

Eight water soluble vitamins including B-1. B-2. B-3. B-5. B-6. B-7, B-9, and B-12.

AKA germs, are microscopic organisms not visible with the naked eye.  Pathogenic bacteria are harmful and cause diesease whereas probiotic bacteria are benificial and promote health.

Bacteria are everywhere, both inside and outside of your body. They can live in a variety of environments.

The proportion of a nutrient that is absorbed from food and used by the body.

Illness that develops after eatin a food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum.

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is the nation’s premier system of health-related telephone surveys that collect state data about U.S.

The unit used to measure the energy in food.

The average person needs about 2000 to 2500 calories.

A group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow and divide uncontrollably. These cells can invade nearby tissues and sometimes spread to other parts of the body.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

The process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type.

The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function. Through cellular differentiation, cells develop into specific types—such as muscle cells, nerve cells, or blood cells—that perform unique roles in the body.

The force that holds atoms together to form molecules and compounds. Chemical bonds form when atoms share, gain, or lose electrons.

A lipid in the sterol family found only in animal products.

Something that persists for a long time or constantly recurring.

A false or misleading picture/title on the Internet that entices people to click it to read more, often leading to items or services for sale.(The click and bait scam.)

Bacteria that is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness (food poisoning). CDC estimates these bacteria cause nearly 1 million illnesses in the United States every year.

The process of forming a blood clot to stop bleeding after a blood vessel is injured.

Having infrequent dry hard stool that is passed with difficulty and pain.

Harmful substance in a food that causes harm to the body. They may be physical contaminants such as hair or class, chemical contaminants such as mercury or pesticide residue, or biological such as bacteria, mold, or parasites.

Harmful substance in a food that causes harm to the body. They may be physical contaminants such as hair or class, chemical contaminants such as mercury or pesticide residue, or biological such as bacteria, mold, or parasites.

Either accidental or intentional addition of a biological substance, chemical, or foreign object that makes food un-safe for human consumption.

The process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another, with harmful effect.

The process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another, often resulting in a foodborne illness.

The fluid within a cell that surrounds the organelles.

The temperature that bacteria thrive in foods, typically from 40 to 140 degrees fahrenheit.

Damage to a tooth caused when bacteria in the mouth produce acids that wear away tooth enamel, eventually leading to cavities.

When the body loses more water than it takes in, leaving it without enough fluid to function properly. Dehydration can cause symptoms such as thirst, dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and dark-colored urine. Severe dehydration can become a medical emergency

Legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 1958 that forbids the addition to food any additives shown to be carcinogenic in any species of animal or in humans.

A disease caused by the body not making the hormone insulin or the inability to use insulin. This results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine.

Loose, watery feces that occur more frequently than usual

The type foods that a person consumes.

To split nutrients into smaller substances.

Examples: Starch is split into glucose. Proteins are split into amino acids.

The path that food and liquids travel through when they are swallowed, digested, absorbed, and leave the body as feces. It begins in the mouth and ends at the anus.

A condition that interferes with the body's normal structure or function and affects a person's health. Diseases can be caused by germs, genetics, lifestyle habits, environmental factors, or a combination of these.

Benign outpouchings in the intestines that are inflamed and very painful.

Small pouches in the wall or lining of any portion of the digestive tract that often cause pain

A method of food preservation in which most of the water is removed from a food. Removal of water inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold that spoil the food.

A large and diverse group of bacteria. Although most strains of E. coli are harmless, others can make you sick. Some kinds of E. coli can cause diarrhea, while others cause urinary tract infections, respiratory illness and pneumonia, and other illnesses. In rare cases, it may result in death as was true of the Jack-in-the-Box outbreak in the 1990s.

AKA ovum, is the female reproductive cell (gamete). It carries half of the mother's genetic information (23 chromosomes) and, when fertilized by a sperm, forms a zygote.

a pure substance consisting of only one type of atoms

Maintaining calories (energy) consumed with the calories expended. Consuming more calories that expended results in weight gain. Expending more calories than consumed results in weight loss.

The addition of the original nutrients back into processed foods. Refined grains are stripped of thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate, and iron. Enriched grain products have these nutrients added back.

The surroundings or conditions in which a person lives

Environmental Protection Agency

Short for the bacteria Escherichia coli. Many of the species are harmless but some cause foodborne illnesses. The E. coli O157: H7 bacteria strain that had contaminated hamburger patties sold at area Jack in the Box restaurants in 1993 was responsible for several deaths.

The primary female reproductive hormone stimulates breast development and accumulation of fat in the hip and thighs during adolescence.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security,

Vitamins A, D, E, and K anc classes as fat-suluble because they are typically found with fatty foods and act like fats in the body.

A molecule containing chain of carbons and hydrogens attached to an acid group

Food and Drug Administration

Solid waste material formed from undigested food, bacteria, and other substances that is eliminated from the body through the anus.

The process in which microorganisms (bacteria or yeast break) down sugars to produce substances such as acids, gases, or alcohol. The process can help preserve food, change its flavor and texture, or increase beneficial nutrients or probiotics.

Edible substances that provide nutrients.

Plants and animals that we eat

Any substance that is added to food, either directly or indirectly.

A natural or synthetic substance added to food during processing to improve its safety, freshness, flavor, color, texture, stability, or nutritional value

An extreme dislike for a food that typically results from a bad experience the affected person had as a child when being forced to eat the food.

Food production, processing, distribution, consumption and
disposal of foods. Also known as food system.

Inflammation of the stomach and bowels caused by microbial contamination of foods or beverages.

Inflammation of the stomach and bowels that results after consuming a food or beverage that is contaminated with a toxin.

The application of ionizing radiation to food to destroy micoroganisms and make the food safe to consume.

Legislation which regulates the production, trade and handling of food. Basically, it covers the regulation of food control, food safety and relevant aspects of food trade.

The general term use for a illness that occurs after eating foods contaminated with pathogens.

A product recall is a request from a manufacturer to return a product after the discovery of safety issues or product defects that might endanger the consumer or put the maker/seller at risk of legal action

Food production, processing, distribution, consumption and
disposal of foods. Also known as food chain.

A disease caused by consuming contaminated food or drink. Also known as foodborne illness or food poisoning.

An illness that results after eating a contaminated food. Also called foodborne diesease or food poisoning.

An illness that results after eating a contaminated food. Also called foodborne diesease or food poisoning.

The addition of a nutrient to a food that otherwise does not contain it.

Lowering the temperature of a food to below 32 degree.
Home freezers shoudl be kept below 0 degree fahrenheit.

A condition in which an organ or body system does not work normally even though it appears structurally normal. Functional disorders cause symptoms such as pain, bloating, or changes in bowel habits without visible damage or disease. Irritable Bowel Syndrome is an example of the condition.

The kingdom the molds and yeasts are a species under

The inherited characteristics of a person passed from genes received from parents.

Another term for the four disease causing microorganism categories:  bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protazoa.

Known as the ‘hunger hormone’ because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake.  It also stimulates the release of growth hormone; unlike ghrelin itself, breaks down fat tissue and causes the build-up of muscle.  Weight loss stimulates ghrelin, making weight loss more difficult for some.

A protein found in wheat, rye, and oats. People who have celiac disease must avoid gluten-containing foods.

Foods must provide between 10 and 19% of the Daily Value.

A type of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid in the blood. When uric acid forms crystals in a joint, it can cause sudden episodes of severe pain, swelling, redness, and inflammation, most commonly in the big toe.

Water that collects and moves beneath the Earth's surface through spaces in soil, sand, gravel, and rock. It supplies wells, springs, and many public drinking water systems.

High density lipoproteins. Function in removing cholesterol from body tissued. High levels are associated with improved health outcomes.

According to the WHO,   "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Conditions that affect the heart; the most common type is coronary artery disease (CAD), which affects the blood flow to the heart often resulting in a heart attack.

Swollen veins in lower rectum that often bleed

A steady-state of substances within the body.

A feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, coupled with the desire to eat.

Growing two plants together in a special way to help the plants develop the natural traits we like

The-carbon double bonds, thus making the fatty acid saturated

Repels water.

Elevated blood levels of calcium

A system of measurement in use in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other Commonwealth countries consisting of units such as the inch, the mile, and the pound.

An illness transmitted from one organism to another

The body's immune system response to a stimulus, such as bacteria or viruses. Recent studies, however, show diets high in sugar and fat, or having excess body fat cause inflammation.

As related to chemistry, a substance that does not contain carbon

Illness that occurs from eating a food that contains a toxin produced by bacteria

Process of exposing foods to ionizing radiation that will improves the safety and extend the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects.

A yogurt-like drink made from milk that is fermented with probiotic bacteria.

A hard, structural protein found in nails, hair, and the outer layer of skin

Process that results from a very low carb diet that forces the body to convert fat to ketone bodies.

Food that complies with the strict dietary standards of traditional Jewish law.

Low desnsity lipoproteins.   Transports cholesterol to various tissues in the body. High levels associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

The stages through which a person passes through during his or her lifetime.

The way in which a person or group lives.

Class of nutrients that are insoluble in water.  Three groups are triglycerides, sterols,  and phospholipids.

A large organ that produces bile to help digest fats and performs many important functions, including processing nutrients and removing harmful substances from the blood.

A red carotenoid found in tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruit, and papaya

Complex molecules made by joining many smaller molecules together. In nutrition, the three major macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats (lipids)

The nutrients needed in relatively large amounts (between 50 and 150+ grams).  They include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat or not eating enough of the right things.

A milk-producing gland found in female mammals, including humans and cows. Mammary glands produce and secrete milk to nourish offspring after birth.

The process of chewing food to break it into smaller pieces and mix it with saliva before swallowing.

Physical substance that occupies space

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces without changing its chemical composition. This process increases the surface area of food, making it easier for digestive enzymes to work.

An evidence-based nutrition treatment for specific medical conditions (such as diabetes or chronic kidney disease) that is provided by a registered dietitian nutritionist and typically covered by health insurance.

The dark pigment in skin.

A subset of systematic reviews in which the results are combined and statistically analyzed.

It allows for single conclusion and many similar studies that has greater statistical power.

A toxic form of mercury that builds up in fish and shellfish. High exposure can damage the brain and nervous system, especially in developing fetuses and young children.

The system of measurement that uses the meter, liter, and gram as base units of length (distance), capacity (volume), and weight (mass) respectively.

Short name for a microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation.

All of the microorganisms in and on the body that have beneficial effects.

A microscopic living organism, such as a bacterium, mold, yeast, or parasite. Some microorganisms are helpful, while others can cause disease.

A microscopic living organism, such as a bacterium, mold, yeast, or parasite. Some microorganisms are helpful, while others can cause disease. AKA microbe.

Vitamin and minerals that are need in "microscopic" amounts. Young women need only 18 mg of iron and 75 mg of vitamin C Protein is a macronutrient because women need about 50 to 60 grams of it each day.

Mold is a species of fungi.
Kingdom: Fungi Species: mold

Mold is a species of fungi.
Kingdom: Fungi Species: mold

Any toxic substance produced by a fungus.

Stomach queasiness, the urge to vomit

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis,  are the calories burned by the movements we make during normal living.  NEAT includes the physical movement in our lives that isn't planned exercise or sports such walking to class, cleaning house, or shopping.

An embryonic structure that develops during the first few weeks of pregnancy and eventually forms the brain and spinal cord. Proper folate intake before and during early pregnancy is essential for normal neural tube development.

National Health and Nutrition Survey. A large scale surveillance survey conducted every few years by CDC.

A food classification system that groups foods into four categories according to the degree and purpose of processing, from minimally processed foods to ultra-processed foods.

"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs" (NSAIDs) are drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen used to reduce pain and may be used as blood thinners.

Substances in foods and supplements that either promote growth, maintain body tissues, provide calories, and/or help regulate body processes.

Containing a high amount of vitamins, minerals, and protein compared to calories

Containing a high amount of vitamins, minerals, and protein compared to calories.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water.

The sum of all processes involved in how organisms obtain nutrients, metabolize them, and use them to support all of life’s processes.

The set of abilities needed to understand the importance of good nutrition in maintaining health.

An environment that promotes increased food intake, non-healthful foods, and physical inactivity

WHO considers it as an "abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health."  Having a BMI over 30. Most people weigh 50 pounds or more than is desirable.

Open Education Resources.  Materials for teaching or learning that are either in the public domain or have been released under a license that allows them to be freely used, changed, or shared with others. Basically, they are free to students and teachers.

Consumes both plants and animal foods.

Materials for teaching or learning that are either in the public domain or have been released under a license that allows them to be freely used, changed, or shared with others. Basically, they are free to students and teachers.

A body structure made of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function, such as the heart, liver, or stomach.

A specialized structure inside a cell that performs a specific function, such as producing energy, making proteins, or storing genetic information.

In chemistry and nutrition, organic means carbon containing.

Foods grown or produced without synthetic pesticides or fertilizer, and all growers and processors must be certified by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA).

Nutrient that contains both carbon and hydrogen, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitamins.

In chemistry, a substance containing a carbon-hydrogen bond.

The natural process of hardening bone.

A protein in bone that helps build and maintain strong bones. Vitamin K is needed to activate osteocalcin so it can function properly.

When two or more people get the same illness from the same contaminated food or drink,

When two or more people get the same illness from the same contaminated food or drink.

Have a BMI between 25 up to 30, or weighing about 25 lbs more than is desirable.

Naturally occurring compounds found in many plant foods, including spinach, beets, rhubarb, nuts, and cocoa. They can bind to minerals such as calcium in the digestive tract, reducing the amount of calcium that is absorbed. In some people, high oxalate intake may also contribute to the formation of certain types of kidney stones. (Also known as oxalic acid.

An organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.

A hormone that helps keep calcium levels in the blood within a healthy range by working with vitamin D. Made in the parathyroid glands, which is next to thyroid glands in the neck.

A hormone made by the parathyroid glands, located next to the thyroid in the neck, that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium when levels are too low.

The process in which packaged and non-packaged foods are treated with mild heat, usually to less than 221 °F (100 °C) to eliminate harmful bacteria and extend shelf life.

Substances that cause disease.  For example, pathogenic bacteria.  Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms.

Disease-causing microorganisms

Foods likely to decay or go bad quickly.

A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.  The subtypes of pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, and fungicides.

A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.  The subtypes of pesticides include insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, and fungicides.

Lipids composed of a glycerol backbone with two fatty acids and one phosphorus containing group attached.

Natural compounds in many plant foods that can decrease the absorption of certain minerals, especially zinc and iron. Also known as phytic acid.

Non-nutrient chemicals naturally found in plants that have health benefits. (Phyto refers to plants.)

Plant derived sterols that help reduce the amount of animal-derived cholesterol is absorbed.

The science of maximizing plants’ positive genetic traits to produce desirable effects.  It differs from genetic engineering.

Small cell fragments in the blood that stick together at the site of an injury to help form blood clots and stop bleeding.

Indigestible foods, primarily soluble fibers, that stimulate the growth of certain strains of bacteria (probiotics) in the large intestine and provide health benefits to the host. (Prebiotics serve as foods source for probiotic bacteria.)

Techniques applied to a food to protect  it from microbial contamination and the extend shelf-life

Bacteria that have health benefits. Also known as live active cultures.

A variety of operations by which raw foodstuffs are made suitable for consumption, cooking, or storage.

The temperature range that most people feed comfortable, generally between 65 to 80 degrees fahrenheit.

The first part of the stomach of ruminant ainmals (cows, goats, and sheep) in which cellulose is broken down by the action of symbiotic microorganisms. Trans fatty acids may be formed.

A gland in the mouth that produces saliva, which moistens food and begins the digestion of carbohydrates.

A bacteria frequently found in eggs and other protein foods. CDC estimates Salmonella cause about 1.35 million illnesses, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths in the United States every year.

A feeling of fullness

Fats that are solid at room temeperature and have no double bonds.

The process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation. The basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results.

It has been the basis in developing of science since at least the 17th century.

Having a BMI greater than 40 or weighing 100 pounds more than the ideal body weight.

The male reproductive cell (gamete). It carries half of the father's genetic information (23 chromosomes) and can fertilize an egg to begin the development of a zygote.

A neural tube defect that occurs when the spinal column does not close completely during early fetal development. The condition can range from mild to severe and may cause paralysis, loss of bladder or bowel control, and other lifelong physical disabilities. Adequate folate intake before and during early pregnancy greatly reduces the risk of spina bifida.

The group of lipid with a ring sturcture. Examples include cholesterol, estrogen, and tesostorone.

Solid waste, also called feces, that remains after digestion and absorption are complete. Stool consists of undigested food, bacteria, water, and other waste materials and is eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during a bowel movement.

A medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is blocked or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. Without enough oxygen, brain cells begin to die, which can affect movement, speech, memory, or other body functions.

Food and other products that are produced, processed, distributed, and disposed of in ways that preserve the environment.

A systematic review is a summary of all of the literature on a particular topic, that meets pre-defined eligibility criteria.

An increase in temperature.

When our bodies produce energy as ATP, a small amount of heat is released.

The production of heat.

A substance that is  poisonous

A poison, often produced by bacteria, viruses, or molds in foods. Eating a food contaminated with a toxin results in food poisoning.

Fatty acids either formed during the hydrogenation process making liquid oils more solid, or formed naturally in ruminant animals (cows, sheep and goats). Meat and dairy contain natural trans fat.

The main type of lipid in the body and food supply. Concist of a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids attached.

foods that have undergone extensive industrial processing and contain ingredients not commonly used in home cooking. These foods are typically designed to be convenient, highly palatable, shelf-stable, and ready to eat or heat.

A body weight that is too low to maintain health.

The price of a food based on a standard amount (such as per ounce or per pound). Comparing unit prices helps you find the lowest cost, even when packages are different sizes.

A fatty acid having one or more double bonds.

United States Department of Agriculture

A process by which oxygen levels are reduced in packaged food, limiting the growth of aerobic bacteria or fungi, and preventing the evaporation of flavoring substances.

An very small infectious agent that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria, such as the coronavirus, or those that cause flu and colds.

A very small infectious agent that can multiply only in living cells of animals, plants, or bacteria, such as the coronavirus, or those that cause flu and colds.

A thick and sticky consistency

To eject matter from the stomach through the mouth

To eject matter from the stomach through the mouth

Materials that remain after the body has digested and absorbed the nutrients it needs. In the digestive system, waste includes undigested food, bacteria, dead cells, digestive secretions, and other substances that are eliminated from the body as stool (feces).

The B-complex vitamins and vitamin C.

The state of being in good health, especially as an actively pursued goal

Cells of the immune system that help protect the body by fighting infections and other harmful substances. (Alco called leukocytes.)

The World Health Organization (WHO) is an agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

Health promoting substances in animal foods that are believed to provide health benefits beyond the traditional nutrients that food contains.